You hear it from them all the time; teachers just want a fair wage. Oh, well who doesn’t? This line of thought begs two questions: How are wage rates established in a free market? And, are market wage rates fair? How are wage rates established in a free market? The insights from the Austrian School of Economics show that workers earn their discounted marginal value product. In simple terms, workers earn now the current value of what they add to the production of future goods. That explanation easily fits those who produce consumer goods or factors of production, but what about those in the service sector? How, for example, is the wage rate of barbers established?
In order to understand the service sector we have to consider the alternate cost of employment. The marginal worker, one who can either work in the factory or cut hair, decides which employment to pursue based on relative wages. The cost for working in one field is the wage of the best alternate form of employment in another field. If the cost of working exceeds the benefit, it behooves the worker to seek the alternate field of employment.
If the factory offers better wages, the worker takes the factory job. If cutting hair offers better wages, the worker becomes a barber. If the relative wage rate of barbers begins exceeding the relative wage rate of factory workers, the marginal factory worker switches professions and enters the barber market. By doing this, the wages of barbers would fall as the wages of factory workers rise.
Had the worker stayed in the factory, he would have lost potential earnings. It is the alternate cost of employment, the foregone potential earnings, which guides acting man into the most remunerative employment. And it is this voluntary movement, the change of professions, which tends to guide the labor market toward equilibrium. [1]
This simplistic example shows that service sector employee wages are tied to the discounted marginal value product of labor in general.
Are market wage rates fair? As detailed above, workers earn either their discounted marginal value product or the equivalent wage of their best alternate employment. To say that one wage rate is unfair is to say that the worker earning that rate deserves a premium wage over a similarly productive worker in another sector of the economy. To say that a math teacher is underpaid in a free market is to say that the math teacher deserves to be paid more than the value product of teaching requires.
In a free market, wages cannot be unfair as they are set by the direction of the consumer. When the alternate cost of employment rises above the wage rate, workers shift sectors and set the labor market back toward equilibrium. [2]
In order to gain a wage premium, government interventions must occur. These interventions can take the form of field or general minimum wages, granting unions legal right to control sectors of the economy, government wage supports, or the creation of a government monopoly or quasi-monopoly in a sector of the economy – the school system for example.
In a free market teachers would also earn the equivalent of their discounted wage in the productive sector of the economy. A math teacher would earn the equivalent wage of a similarly productive worker in, say, the software industry – who earns the equivalent wage of a similarly productive worker in the engineering industry, and so on. If the math teacher was underpaid relative to his best alternate employment, this would be a signal there is an excess of math teachers, and that math teachers are being underutilized in their current employment.
The teacher market is not free; it is a quasi-monopoly where the vast majority of employees are unionized under a government-run system. Unlike the Soviet Union, which used the free markets of the world to establish some sort of price level, public schools do not look to private schools for wage guidance. Private schools pay their workers a much lower wage, but as above, they must pay a wage that exceeds the alternate costs of employment. [3]
Are public school teachers overpaid? Since there is no way to discern the true alternate cost of employment for all public school teachers in a free market – because no free market for teachers exists – we must rely on the available market data provided by private schools. This shows that teachers, in general, are absolutely overpaid.
In addition, and more importantly, we know a priori that governments are inefficient and over-pay and over-employ factors of production. Also, government teaching licensure rules create barriers to entry for those wishing to seek out a teaching career thus driving wage rates higher. Then, of course, there are the government-backed unions who rule the roost through strikes and threats of strikes. [4]
Are public teacher salaries unfair? Certainly. They are unfair to the taxpayer who is forced to pay the tax bill that supports the premium wage of public school teachers. In a free labor market a teacher’s real salary can only increase with the marginal value product of employees in the next best alternate employment. In the quasi-monopoly that currently exists, teachers have realized salary increases that are not tied to the labor market; the salary increases are simply the result of political pressure.
The next time you hear teachers claim that they need a fair wage, tell them to drop the union banners and open education to the free market; the one market where everyone earns their fair wage.
[1] Of course the opposite holds if the factory worker made relatively more than the barber. Professions would switch and wages would tend toward equilibrium.
[2] Equilibrium is the direction of the movement, not reality. Equilibrium is the infinite endpoint on the continuum that is never reached though the actions of individuals tend to keep the economy moving in that direction. As consumer preferences change, the economy is rocked away from the direction of equilibrium, but the vast numbers of astute entrepreneurs act quickly to satisfy the new preferences and bring the economy back on course – well, in an unhampered market anyway since government likes to damage the rudder in such a manner that even the most astute entrepreneur cannot set a new course.
[3] Certainly there is an additional psychic income earned due to the rewards of teaching, but the psychic income exists in both the private and public school market. In fact, every job has its own form of psychic income that is based purely on the subjective valuation of the employee.
[4] Everyone has a study that shows teachers are either overpaid or underpaid based on salary and benefits per number of hours worked in a given year. Conflicting studies are the product of the current empiricist/positivist paradigm. The only way to read through the data and understand economics and the impact of policies is to use the a priori approach to understanding of the Austrian School.
Jim Fedako, a former professional cyclist who lives in Lewis Center, OH, is a member of the Olentangy Local School District and maintains a blog: Anti-Positivist.
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There is a slight problem with this analysis, which the mention of “psychic benefit” makes clear at the end. Not all work is equivalent, even if the wages are. It will cost more to hire someone to do unpleasant work that fewer are willing to do, and factory and barbershop work seem to be clear example of such a situation. Also, not all labor is created equal, as some is more valuable than others because there are fewer workers are available for that type of labor. The typical distinction is between unskilled and skilled labor, but two workers may be skilled in their own fields and unskilled in each other’s, so there are really a range of qualifications. The stuff about public schools was dead on though.
Jim,
Nice article.
“Conflicting studies are the product of the current empiricist/positivist paradigm.”
It should be little wonder that, the above referenced, are the fellow travelers and the favored flock of the State and its sychophants.
The sheer audacity to apply an “=”(equals sign) to the grand diversity of human action is, a conceit, worthy only of Tyrants–which sadly enough, are in oft-found in the Public Schools along with the premium pay packages.
I had a great math teacher in public school. He was really great at teaching difficult concepts. He taught both advanced classes and remedial classes (I took Trig and BC Calculus with him). I observed his remedial classes actually enjoyed his teaching methods. They were really engaged in what they were doing, and actually praised him as their favorite teacher even though math was their least favorite subject. I later found out that he was privately contracted by the public school. He worked in my school as well as local colleges, and private tutorship. The man made $120K/year. He couldn’t stand the idea of being purely in a public school – he was too energetic for their politics (as he told me).
http://www.ithacahours.org/
I though Austrian economists didn’t believe in market equalibrium…
See footnote [2]
In the War Against the Human Mind, the public school teacher is the grunt.
So in the interest of fair wages, let’s pay them the same amount the army pays privates.
To say that teachers are overpaid is a poor generalization, as not all teachers are created equal. You can say that they are overpaid on average and I’d agree, but I’ve always said that bad teachers are grossly overpaid and good teachers are grossly underpaid.
Mr. Fedako seems ignorant of the concept of a public good. I am no lover of needless government expenditures, but every time there is a market inefficiency, the solution can not be to “throw it on the open market.”
Public school teachers are “overpaid” because society does not value education as much as they ought to.
While we are at it, let’s throw our military on the open market. I’m sure that would be in the best interest of the country.
Fedako is both right and wrong. He has failed to note that in a free market, wages also respond to the idea of supply and demand. According to the laws of supply and demand, elementary school teachers are grossly overpaid as their is an enormous oversupply of them. It is common here in San Diego for 300 individuals to apply to a single opening. On the other hand, secondary mathematics teachers are underpaid as their is a huge shortage of them and many students spend their school year with a series of substitutes instead of a qualified teacher because nobody would take the job.
Fedako is both right and wrong. He has failed to note that in a free market, wages also respond to the idea of supply and demand. According to the laws of supply and demand, elementary school teachers are grossly overpaid as there is an enormous oversupply of them. It is common here in San Diego for 300 individuals to apply to a single opening. On the other hand, secondary mathematics teachers are underpaid as there is a huge shortage of them and many students spend their school year with a series of substitutes instead of a qualified teacher because nobody would take the job.
I guess I should proofread before post.
Isn’t this a ‘done’ suject? In a free market a worker sell his/her labour and the forces of supply & demand say what that pay is. Just a business operator can’t just charge whatever he/she wants for their products lest they be unsold, a worker can’t ask for a large wage/salary lest he/she remains unemployed as there is no way that would-be employee can justify that expense to an would-be employer. Similarly just as a bottle of water would usually be worth more in a hot climate than a cold climate, so to does, say a teacher, is worth more in one area (say where learning is respected because learned people are more employable) than elsewhere (say where most jobs are low skill and taking time out to learn isn’t worth it).
But, it’s not that easy. Teachers in my district top out at almost $90K for a 183 day, less snow days. In addition, they receive 15 sick days per year, reimbursable upon retirement, plus 3 personal days. Add in great insurance and retirement. Underpaid? I should think not.
The shortage of math teachers is partly a reflection of teacher certifications. Does one really need to have a masters in Mathematics in order to teach HS algebra? Nope.
In San Diego, the shortage is probably the result of the working conditions of a failed public school system. There is no shortage of math teachers in the suburban areas. Nor, have I heard, is there a shortage in private schools.
Rockwell wrote a nice article refuting the shortage of math professors.
There may be some instances where teachers are underpaid in the early years, yet I doubt anyone would claim – backed by real data – that teachers are worth their salaries in the out years. In fact, neighboring school districts are not looking for math teachers with 20 years experience, and an $90K salary – probably $120K in actual cost of employment when considering benefits.
In the aggregate, teachers overpaid. What proof? Private school teachers make much less.
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